7— title: “AE 11: Model Comparison” editor: visual format: html: embed-resources: true —

Important

  • Open RStudio and create a subfolder in your AE folder called “AE-11”.

  • Go to the Canvas and locate your AE-11 assignment to get started.

  • Upload the ae-11.qmd and tip-data.csv files into the folder you just created. The .qmd and PDF responses are due in Canvas. You can check the due date on the Canvas assignment.

Packages + data

library(tidyverse)
library(broom)
library(yardstick)
library(ggformula)
library(patchwork)
library(knitr)
library(kableExtra)

tips <- read_csv("../data/tip-data.csv") |> 
  select(-`Tip Percentage`, -`W/Tip`)

What factors are associated with the amount customers tip at a restaurant? To answer this question, we will use data collected in 2011 by a student at St. Olaf who worked at a local restaurant.1

The variables we’ll focus on for this analysis are

  • Tip: amount of the tip
  • Party: Number of people in the party
  • Meal: Time of day (Lunch, Dinner, Late Night)
  • Age: Age category of person paying the bill (Yadult, Middle, SenCit)
  • Day: Day of the week
  • Payment: the type of payment used
  • GiftCard: whether a gift card was used
  • Comps: Whether any food was comped
  • Alcohol: Whether any alcohol was ordered
  • Bday: whether it was someones birthday
  • Bill: the size of the bill

Analysis goal

The goals of this activity are to:

  • Use ANOVA to determine whether our model is useful as a whole
  • Begin thinking about \(R^2\) in a multivariate setting

Exercise 0

Complete the following to clean and then observe your data:

  1. Use drop_na to remove any rows where Party is missing.
tips <- tips |> 
  _______   # drop missing values from party
  1. Generate a bar chart of the variable Meal.
# insert code here
  1. Run the following code and generate the same bar chart as above. You can even copy and paste your code. What’s the difference between the two plots? What do you think fct_relevel does?
tips <- tips |> 
  mutate(
    Meal = fct_relevel(Meal, "Lunch", "Dinner", "Late Night"),
    Age  = fct_relevel(Age, "Yadult", "Middle", "SenCit")
  )

# Generate plot here

Exercise 1

Fir a model called tip_fit_1 to predict Tip from Party, Age, and Meal

Exercise 2

Pipe the model you generated in the previous Exercise into the function anova.

Exercise 3

Based on the output above, compute \(SSTotal\), \(SSError\), and \(SSModel\). You should only need to use addition and/or subtraction.

Exercise 4

Pipe your model into the glance function. Identify, the F-statistic and p-value for an F-test of this model. Interpret the outcome of your test in the context of the problem. Be prepared to discuss the difference between this p-value and the p-values from the individual model coefficients.

Exercise 5

Fit a model tip_fit_2 to predict Tip from Party, Age, Meal, and Day.

Exercise 6

Of the two models you just fit, which is nested inside the other?

Exercise 7

Fit a third model called tip_fit_3 so that tip_fit_1 is nested inside tip_fit_3. Try to choose a model that you think will do a better job than tip_fit_1 of modeling the data. Feel free to include interaction or polynomial terms. Have your reporter write the model on the board.

Exercise 8

Change eval: FALSE to eval: TRUE. Alter the code below so that you’re comparing tip_fit_3 to tip_fit_1.

anova(tip_fit_1, tip_fit_2) |> # Enter reduced model first
  tidy() |> 
  kable()

Write down the hypotheses, test statistic, and p-value of your test. Interpret the output in the context of the problem. Have your reporter write the p-value on the board.

Exercise 9

Based on your test, choose tip_fit_1 or tip_fit_3. What is the \(R^2\) value for this model?

Exercise 10

Fit the full model. What is it’s \(R^2\)? Does this model have a higher or lower \(R^2\) than the previous model? Does this mean it is a better model? Be prepared to discuss.

Exercise 11

The following code converts the numerical variable Bill into a new categorical variable Bill_factor. Essentially, each different number in Bill is treated as it’s own category. Fit a model predicting Tip from Bill_factor. What is your R^2? Think about the implications of this and what it means for the usefulness of \(R^2\).

tips <- tips |> 
  mutate(Bill_factor = factor(Bill))

Exercise 12

Apply glance to both models above to find the \(R^2\) and \(R^2_{adj}\) values?

Exercise 13

  1. Which model would we choose based on \(R^2\)?
  2. Which model would we choose based on Adjusted \(R^2\)?
  3. Which statistic should we use to choose the final model - \(R^2\) or Adjusted \(R^2\)? Why?

Exercise 14

Reference the output from Exercise 9.

  1. Which model would we choose based on AIC?

  2. Which model would we choose based on BIC?

Exercise 15

Navigate to the website for olsrr here. Choose a selection technique other than best subset and apply it. Fit your resulting model.

To submit the AE

Important
  • Render the document to produce the PDF with all of your work from today’s class.
  • Upload your QMD and PDF files to the Canvas assignment.

Footnotes

  1. Dahlquist, Samantha, and Jin Dong. 2011. “The Effects of Credit Cards on Tipping.” Project for Statistics 212-Statistics for the Sciences, St. Olaf College.↩︎